Leukonychia
White flecks within the nail plate.
Trauma to the nail or signs of a disease.

Hang nail
A small piece of torn skin next to the nail

Usually picking or biting the nails

Paronychia
Skin infection around the nails, causing red swelling
From biting or injury

Vertical ridges
Lines running the length of the nail
Unknown but more common as you get older. Nothing to worry about

Onycholysis

Separation of the nail from the bed
Usually trauma but can be a sign of disease